Kegunaan
.jpg)
Bangunan modular boleh digunakan untuk kemudahan-panjang, sementara atau kekal, seperti kem pembinaan, sekolah dan bilik darjah, perumahan awam dan tentera serta kemudahan perindustrian. Bangunan modular digunakan di kawasan terpencil dan luar bandar di mana pembinaan konvensional mungkin tidak munasabah atau mungkin, contohnya, pod penginapan Halley VI yang digunakan untuk ekspedisi Antartika BAS.3 Other uses have included churches, health care facilities, sales and retail offices, fast food restaurants and cruise ship construction. They can also be used in areas that have weather concerns, such as hurricanes. Modular buildings are often used to provide temporary facilities, including toilets and ablutions at events. The portability of the buildings makes them popular with hire companies and clients alike. The use of modular buildings enables events to be held at locations where existing facilities are unavailable, or unable to support the number of event attendees.
Proses pembinaan
Construction is offsite, using pembuatan kurus techniques to prefabricate single or multi-story buildings in deliverable module sections. Often, modules are based around bekas 20 kaki standard, using the same dimensions, structures, building and stacking/placing techniques, but with smooth (instead of corrugated) walls, glossy white paint, and provisions for windows, power, potable water, sewage lines, telecommunications and air conditioning. Permanent Modular Construction (PMC) buildings are manufactured in a controlled setting and can be constructed of wood, steel, or concrete. Modular components are typically constructed indoors on Barisan perhimpunan. Modules' construction may take as little as ten days but more often one to three months. PMC modules can be integrated into site built projects or stand alone and can be delivered with MEP, lekapan dan kemasan dalaman.
Bangunan tersebut 60 peratus hingga 90 peratus siap di luar tapak dalam persekitaran terkawal-kilang dan diangkut serta dipasang di tapak bangunan akhir. Ini boleh merangkumi keseluruhan bangunan atau menjadi komponen atau subpemasangan struktur yang lebih besar. Dalam kebanyakan kes, kontraktor modular bekerjasama dengan kontraktor am tradisional untuk mengeksploitasi sumber dan kelebihan setiap jenis pembinaan. Modul yang telah siap diangkut ke tapak bangunan dan dipasang dengan kren.4 Placement of the modules may take from several hours to several days.
Permanent modular buildings are built to meet or exceed the same building codes and standards as site-built structures and the same architect-specified materials used in conventionally constructed buildings are used in pembinaan modular projects. PMC can have as many stories as building codes allow. Unlike relocatable buildings, PMC structures are intended to remain in one location for the duration of their useful life.
Pertimbangan pembuatan
The entire process of modular construction places significance on the design stage. This is where practices such as Reka Bentuk untuk Pembuatan dan Pemasangan (DfMA) are used to ensure that assembly tolerances are controlled throughout manufacture and assembly on site. It is vital that there is enough allowance in the design to allow the assembly to take up any "slack" or misalignment of components. The use of advanced CAD systems, Percetakan 3D and manufacturing control systems are important for modular construction to be successful. This is quite unlike on-site construction where the tradesman can often make the part to suit any particular installation.
Kelebihan
Bangunan modular dikatakan mempunyai kelebihan berbanding bangunan konvensional, atas pelbagai sebab.
Kepantasan pembinaan/pulangan pelaburan yang lebih cepat. Modular construction allows for the building and the site work to be completed simultaneously. According to some materials, this can reduce the overall completion schedule by as much as 50 percent . This also reduces labor, financing and supervision costs. To save even more time and money, nearly all design and engineering disciplines are part of the manufacturing process. Also unique to modular construction is the ability to simultaneously construct a building's floors, walls, ceilings, rafters, and roofs. During site-built construction, walls cannot be set until floors are in position, and ceilings and rafters cannot be added until walls are erected. On the other hand, with modular construction, walls, floors, ceilings, and rafters are all built at the same time, and then brought together in the same factory to form a building. This process can allow modular construction times of half that of conventional, stick-built construction.
Pembinaan dalaman. Perhimpunan adalah bebas daripada cuaca, yang boleh meningkatkan kecekapan kerja dan mengelakkan bahan binaan yang rosak.
Keupayaan untuk perkhidmatan lokasi terpencil. Terutamanya di negara di mana pasaran berpotensi mungkin terletak jauh dari pusat perindustrian, seperti Australia, mungkin terdapat kos yang lebih tinggi untuk membina tapak-rumah yang dibina di kawasan terpencil atau kawasan yang mengalami ledakan pembinaan seperti perlombongan bandar-bandar. Bangunan modular juga berfaedah dalam menyediakan kemudahan perubatan dan kebersihan di mana masa, ruang dan wang menjadi isu.5
sisa rendah. Dengan rancangan yang sama sentiasa dibina, pengilang mempunyai rekod tentang kuantiti bahan yang diperlukan untuk sesuatu kerja. Dengan ketekalan, pembina boleh mereka bentuk sistem yang menggunakan panjang biasa kayu, papan dinding, dll., memotong item dengan kecekapan maksimum, atau boleh memesan panjang khas secara pukal. Walaupun sisa dari tapak-kediaman yang dibina biasanya boleh memenuhi beberapa tempat pembuangan sampah besar, pembinaan kediaman modular menghasilkan lebih sedikit sisa. Menurut kumpulan UK WRAP, sehingga 90 peratus pengurangan bahan boleh dicapai melalui penggunaan pembinaan modular. Bahan yang diminimumkan termasuk: palet kayu, balutan susut, kadbod, eternit, kayu, konkrit, bata dan simen.6
Proses pembinaan mesra alam. Pembinaan modular mengurangkan sisa dan gangguan tapak berbanding struktur binaan-tapak. Persekitaran terkawal kilang membolehkan pembinaan yang lebih tepat sambil membenarkan bahan tambahan dikitar semula-di rumah.7
Fleksibiliti. Seseorang boleh terus menambah bangunan modular, termasuk mencipta bangunan tinggi.8 When the needs change, modular buildings can be disassembled and the modules relocated or refurbished for their next use reducing the demand for raw materials and minimizing the amount of energy expended to create a building to meet the new need. In essence, the entire building can be recycled in some cases.
Kualiti. Combining traditional building techniques, quality manufacturing and third-party agencies who offer random inspections, testing, and certification services for quality control, commercial modular buildings are built in strict accordance with appropriate local, state, and national regulations and codes. Due to the need to transport modules to the final site, each module must be built to independently withstand travel and installation requirements. Thus the final module-to-module assembly of independently durable components can yield a final product that is more durable than site-built structures. Modular buildings often use Panel Penebat Struktur (SIPs) in construction, which offer a range of advantages over traditional building materials. SIPs panels are a light yet durable combination of panel board and either closed-cell poliuretana (PU) or expanded polisterin (EPS) insulating foam. They are air-tight, and as such provide excellent thermal performance. They also offer superior damp and cold resistance when compared to timber and other materials, and are immune to both compression shrinking and cold bridging.9 Modular units may also be designed to fit in with external aesthetics of any existing building and modular units once assembled can be virtually indistinguishable from a site-built structure.
Kualiti Udara yang Diperbaiki – Many of the indoor air quality issues identified in new construction result from high moisture levels in the framing materials.rujukan diperlukan Because the modular structure is substantially completed in a factory-controlled setting using dry materials, the potential for high levels of moisture being trapped in the new construction is eliminated.
Bangunan modular juga boleh menyumbang kepada keperluan LEED dalam mana-mana kategori tapak-bina binaan boleh, malah boleh memberikan kelebihan dalam bidang Tapak Lestari, Tenaga dan Atmosfera, Bahan dan Sumber serta Kualiti Alam Sekitar Dalaman.10 Modular construction can also provide an advantage in similar categories in the International Green Construction Code.
keburukan
Volumetrik: Mengangkut bahagian bangunan modular yang telah siap memakan banyak ruang.11
Fleksibiliti: Disebabkan oleh sekatan pengangkutan dan kadangkala pembuatan, saiz modul boleh dihadkan, menjejaskan saiz bilik.12
Sesetengah institusi kewangan mungkin teragak-agak untuk menawarkan pinjaman untuk rumah modular.13
Penerimaan pasaran
Sesetengah pembeli rumah dan beberapa institusi pemberi pinjaman menolak pertimbangan rumah modular sebagai nilai yang setara dengan{0}}rumah binaan tapak.rujukan diperlukan While the homes themselves may be of equivalent quality, entrenched zoning regulations and psychological marketplace factors may create hurdles for buyers or builders of modular homes and should be considered as part of the decision-making process when exploring this type of home as a living and/or investment option. In the UK and Australia, modular homes have become accepted in some regional areas; however, they are not commonly built in major cities. Modular homes are becoming increasingly common in Japanese urban areas, due to improvements in design and quality, speed and compactness of onsite assembly, as well as due to lowering costs and ease of repair after earthquakes. Recent innovations allow modular buildings to be indistinguishable from site-built structures.14 Surveys have shown that individuals can rarely tell the difference between a modular home and a site-built home.15
Rumah modular lwn. rumah mudah alihedit
Perbezaan termasuk kod bangunan yang mengawal pembinaan, jenis bahan yang digunakan dan cara ia dinilai oleh bank untuk tujuan pemberian pinjaman. Rumah modular dibina pada sama ada kod bangunan tempatan atau negeri berbanding dengan rumah perkilangan, yang juga dibina di kilang tetapi dikawal oleh kod bangunan persekutuan.16 The codes that govern the construction of modular homes are exactly the same codes that govern the construction of site-constructed homes.rujukan diperlukan In the United States, all modular homes are constructed according to the Kod Bangunan Antarabangsa (IBC), IRC, BOCA or the code that has been adopted by the local jurisdiction.rujukan diperlukan In some states, such as California, mobile homes must still be registered yearly, like vehicles or standard trailers, with the Department of Motor Vehicles or other state agency. This is true even if the owners remove the axles and place it on a permanent foundation.17
Mengenali rumah mudah alih atau perkilanganedit
Rumah mudah alih harus mempunyai tag logam kecil di bahagian luar setiap bahagian. Jika anda tidak dapat mencari teg, anda sepatutnya dapat mencari butiran tentang rumah dalam kotak panel elektrik. Teg ini juga harus mendedahkan tarikh pembuatan.18 Modular homes do not have metal tags on the outside but will have a dataplate installed inside the home, usually under the kitchen sink or in a closet. The dataplate will provide information such as the manufacturer, third party inspection agency, appliance information, and manufacture date.
Bahan
The materials used in modular homes are typically the same as site constructed homes. Wood-frame floors, walls and roof are often utilized. Some modular homes include brick or stone exteriors, granite counters and steeply pitched roofs. Modulars can be designed to sit on a perimeter foundation or basement. In contrast, mobile homes are constructed with a steel chassis that is integral to the integrity of the floor system. Modular buildings can be custom built to a client's specifications. Current designs include multi-story units, multi-family units and entire apartment complexes. The negative stereotype commonly associated with mobile homes has prompted some manufacturers to start using the term "off-site construction."
New modular offerings include other construction methods such as salib-kayu berlamina frames.19
Pembiayaan
Rumah mudah alih often require special lenders.
Rumah modular on the other hand are financed as site built homes with a construction loan
Piawaian dan pertimbangan zon
Lazimnya, kediaman modular dibina mengikut kod tempatan, negeri atau majlis, menyebabkan kediaman daripada kemudahan pembuatan tertentu mempunyai piawaian pembinaan yang berbeza bergantung pada destinasi akhir modul.21 The most important zones that manufacturers have to take into consideration are local wind, heat, and snow load zones.22 For example, homes built for final assembly in a hurricane-prone, earthquake or flooding area may include additional bracing to meet local building codes. Steel and/or wood framing are common options for building a modular home.
Some US courts have ruled that pengezonan restrictions applicable to mobile homes do not apply to modular homes since modular homes are designed to have a permanent foundation.rujukan diperlukan Additionally, in the US, valuation differences between modular homes and site-built homes are often negligible in penilaian hartanah practice; modular homes can, in some market areas, (depending on local appraisal practices per Standard Seragam Amalan Penilaian Profesional) be evaluated the same way as site-built dwellings of similar quality. In Australia, manufactured home parks are governed by additional legislation that does not apply to permanent modular homes. Possible developments in equivalence between modular and site-built housing types for the purposes of penilaian hartanah, pembiayaan dan pengezonan boleh meningkatkan jualan rumah modular dari semasa ke semasa.23
In Wales (UK), a businessman authorized the placement of 6 mini modular homes called "Pods" for homeless persons on private property.24
Membina kekuatanedit
Modular homes are designed to be stronger than traditional homes by, for example, replacing nails with screws, adding glue to joints, and using 8–10 percent more lumber than conventional housing.25 This is to help the modules maintain their structural integrity as they are transported on trucks to the construction site. However, there are few studies on the response of modular buildings to transport and handling stresses. It is therefore presently difficult to predict transport induced damage.1
When FEMA studied the destruction wrought by Taufan Andrew in Dade County Florida, they concluded that modular and batu homes fared best compared to other construction.26
penandaan CEedit
The tanda CE is a construction norm that guarantees the user of mechanical resistance and strength of the structure. It is a label given by masyarakat Eropah empowered authorities for end-to-end process mastering and traceability.rujukan diperlukan
Semua operasi pembuatan sedang dipantau dan direkodkan:
Pembekal perlu dikenali dan disahkan,
Bahan mentah dan barang yang diperolehi hendaklah direkodkan mengikut kelompok yang digunakan,
Produk asas direkodkan dan kualitinya dipantau,
Kualiti pemasangan diurus dan dinilai secara langkah demi langkah,
Apabila unit modular selesai, satu set keseluruhan ujian dilakukan dan jika piawaian kualiti dipenuhi, nombor unik dan cop EC dilampirkan pada dan pada unit.
This ID and all the details are recorded in a pangkalan data, Pada bila-bila masa, pengeluar perlu boleh menjawab dan memberikan semua maklumat daripada setiap langkah pengeluaran unit tunggal, Pensijilan EC menjamin piawaian dari segi ketahanan, rintangan terhadap angin dan gempa bumi.rujukan diperlukan
Permukaan dan kemasanedit
Modular buildings can be assembled on top of multiple foundation surfaces, such as a crawl space, stilts (for areas that are prone to flooding), full ruang bawah tanah or standard slab at grade. They can also be built to multi-story heights. Motel and other multi-family structures have been built using modular construction techniques. The height to which a modular structure can be built depends on jurisdiction, but a number of countries, especially in Asia, allow them to be built to 24 floors or more.rujukan diperlukan
Exterior wall surfaces can be finalized in the plant production process or in the case of brick/stone veneers, field applications may be the builders' choice. Roof systems also can be applied in the field after the basic installation is completed.
Perbezaan serantau AS dengan pembinaan modularedit
Cuaca, kepadatan penduduk, jarak geografi, dan seni bina perumahan tempatan memainkan peranan dalam penggunaan pembinaan modular untuk pembinaan rumah. Oleh kerana pembinaan modular sangat mudah disesuaikan, ia telah mula meresap ke setiap rantau di ASrujukan diperlukan
timur lautedit
The northeast is populated with factories that can combine modular housing design with other construction methods such as panelization and SIP. Rumah modular lazimnya dilayan seperti rumah tradisional, jadi ia mempunyai undang-undang pengezonan yang sama seperti rumah kayu-yang dibina. Proses ini berbeza daripada dengan rumah perkilangan, yang cenderung mempunyai keperluan yang lebih ketat.27 Regional differences exist in the use of modular, panelized, and precut construction methods. Of the U.S. Census Bureau's four national subregions, the Northeast has the highest percentage of single-family homes constructed offsite exclusive of manufactured homes, with 7 percent of new homes being modular and 3 percent of homes built with panelized sections or precut materials in 2018.28Modules are typically limited to 16' width and up to 70' lengths because of the narrow road structure and densely populated areas of the region.rujukan diperlukan Other limitations are placed on transportation to locations such as Connecticut, Cape Cod, and Long Island.rujukan diperlukan
Pertengahan-Atlantikedit
The Mid-Atlantic region is similar to the northeast, in terms of building design and transport restriction to modules to a width of not more than 16'.rujukan diperlukan
Tenggaraedit
Pengilang di Tenggara sering mengehadkan keupayaan mereka untuk menyesuaikan rumah dan menumpukan pada pelan lantai satu tingkat yang sangat tradisional.rujukan diperlukan Much of the south is in coastal and high wind areas; modular construction may prove appealing in this area as it is already inherently stronger as it must be built for transport and craned installation, therefore offering wind resistance as good or higher than site-built construction.rujukan diperlukan
Dataran Tengahedit
Negeri dataran tengah biasanya terdiri daripada masyarakat pertanian dan luar bandar. Rumah ladang adalah tunjang utama rantau ini. Terdedah kepada keadaan ribut dan puting beliung yang kuat, pembinaan modular menawarkan kebolehan untuk menahan corak ribut ini dengan lebih baik daripada rakan sejawatannya yang dibina di tapak.rujukan diperlukan The inter-module attachments that must be made when assembling a modular home on a foundation offer an inherently stronger home than site built construction can offer.rujukan diperlukan Interior finishes on both the walls and ceilings are typically textured. Corners on interior walls are typically rounded and finish trim around windows is optional. Because of the wider road and lower population density, modules can be as wide as 20' and as long as 90'. The ability to provide larger modules reduces the amount of modules needed to complete a home.
Rockiesedit
Home design in this area ranges from Chalet style homes to log cabin style homes. Manufacturers in the region therefore provide a number of styles of homes. Capability varies from factory to factory as well as the ability to do complete customization of floor plans. Transportation is limited mostly to 16' wide modules to travel the roads of the area.rujukan diperlukan
Pantai Baratedit
Kos sara hidup yang tinggi di kawasan pantai, dan terutamanya California, mungkin memberikan kelebihan pembinaan modular kerana kosnya yang lebih rendah.rujukan diperlukan Extreme building regulation and environmental requirements can delay the start of residential construction.rujukan diperlukan Several factories specialize in environmentally responsible construction by following green construction standards and offering zero energy homes.rujukan diperlukan
Tinggal di kawasan pantai juga bermakna struktur rumah modular harus cukup kuat untuk menahan angin dengan halaju tinggi. Rumah modular, dibina dengan betul, mempunyai jenis rintangan untuk menahan halaju angin yang tinggi tanpa sebarang masalah kerosakan.rujukan diperlukan
Bangunan modular terbukaedit
The term Modularity can be perceived in different ways. It can even be extended to building P2P (peer-to-peer) applications; where a tailored use of the P2P technology is with the aid of a modular paradigm. Here well-understood components with clean interfaces can be combined to implement arbitrarily complex functions in the hopes of further proliferating self-organising P2P technology. Open modular buildings are an excellent example of this. Modular building can also be sumber terbuka and green. Bauwens, Kostakis and Pazaitis29 elaborate on this kind of modularity. They link modularity to the construction of houses.
Aktiviti berasaskan commons-ini menjurus ke arah modulariti. Pembinaan bangunan modular membolehkan komuniti berkongsi reka bentuk dan alatan yang berkaitan dengan semua bahagian pembinaan rumah yang berbeza. Usaha berorientasikan sosial-yang memperkatakan seni bina luaran bangunan dan dinamik dalaman sumber terbuka bersama. Oleh itu, orang ramai dibekalkan dengan alat untuk mengkonfigurasi semula ruang awam di kawasan tempat mereka tinggal, terutamanya dalam persekitaran bandar. Terdapat unsur pergaulan yang teguh yang mengingatkan kepada-seni bina vernakular praindustri dan bangunan-berasaskan komuniti.30
Sesetengah organisasi sudah menyediakan perumahan modular. Organisasi sedemikian adalah relevan kerana mereka membenarkan perkongsian pelan dan alatan pembinaan dalam talian. Pelan-pelan ini kemudiannya boleh dipasang, sama ada melalui fabrikasi digital seperti pencetakan 3D atau pun mendapatkan-bahan kos rendah daripada komuniti setempat. Adalah diperhatikan bahawa memandangkan betapa mudahnya menggunakan bahan-kos rendah ini (contohnya: papan lapis), ia boleh membantu meningkatkan resapan bangunan terbuka ini ke kawasan atau komuniti yang kurang pengetahuan{{3 }}cara atau kebolehan firma seni bina atau pembinaan konvensional. Oleh itu, ia membenarkan cara membina rumah dan bangunan yang pada asasnya lebih standard. Idea menyeluruh di sebaliknya kekal penting - untuk membolehkan akses mudah kepada-reka letak mesra pengguna yang boleh digunakan sesiapa sahaja untuk membina dengan cara yang lebih mampan dan mampu milik.
Modulariti dalam pengertian ini ialah membina rumah daripada bahagian piawai yang berbeza, seperti menyelesaikan teka-teki jigsaw.
Percetakan 3D can be used to build the house.
The main standard is OpenStructures and its derivative Autarkytecture.31
Pasaran utamaedit
Bangunan modular kekal boleh digunakan dalam mana-mana aplikasi yang menggunakan-binaan binaan kayu. Pasaran utama yang ditawarkan ialah pendidikan K-12, perumahan pelajar pendidikan tinggi, pejabat dan ruang pentadbiran, peruncitan dan hospitaliti, penjagaan kesihatan, dan kemudahan yang dibiayai awam.
Penyelidikan dan pembangunanedit
Pembinaan modular adalah subjek penyelidikan dan pembangunan berterusan di seluruh dunia kerana teknologi itu digunakan untuk bangunan yang lebih tinggi dan lebih tinggi. Penyelidikan dan pembangunan dijalankan oleh syarikat bangunan modular dan juga institut penyelidikan seperti Institut Bangunan Modular32 and the Steel Construction Institute,.33